I'm certainly no expert, but it seems to me that the focus on the Iraqi election may be misplaced. Democracy is about a lot more than elections. The Soviet Union had elections. Iran has elections today--and calls for wiping Israel off the map. Hitler was elected, after all. As were Bush nemeses Hugo Chavez and Robert Mugabe.
It may be that this Iraqi election turns out not to be all that important in the long run. It may be that what takes place in Iraq in the days, weeks, months and years following this election will make all the difference.
And about that--as Sam Goldwyn quipped-- it's hard to make predictions, especially about the future.
“This is slavery, not to speak one's thought.” ― Euripides, The Phoenician Women
Thursday, December 15, 2005
Wednesday, December 14, 2005
Could Topix.net be the Next Google?
I discovered Topix.net in a Google search of links to my website. They had put my article on Larry Markowitz's Uzbekistan talk on their Uzbekistan News page, while Google didn't have it as a news link. Decision: Topix.net. I tried it for "Russia" and found a few interesting blog items with news items. I like the decision not to segregate by kind--putting bloggers on equal footing with the NY Times is a good way to have real competition. So, I added it to my favorites--and will add it to my links column in a moment...
It's Official: Rice to Takeover USAID
On Fox News, via AP, today.
This 'n That on the Death of Tookie Williams
This 'n That explains that Tookie Williams was a gambler until the end...
Casque d'Or
The other night we watched our third Jacques Becker film: Casque d'Or. Like La Trou and Touchez Pas au Grisbi, it was superb. This one had Simone Signoret as a really fatal femme fatale, and like the other two, a noirish plot set in the French underworld. Again there were twists and turns, bittersweet moments, and betrayals as well as solidarity. What more can I say other than add it to your Netflix queue? I gave it five stars...
Army v. Navy
So much has happened, that I didn't have a chance to blog about last week's Army-Navy game in Philadelphia. By now the world knows that Navy won, 42-23. The person I went with is from a Navy family, and my uncle served in Naval Intelligence during WWII in India. So we were supposed to root for Navy. We drove up I-95 surrounded by cars, vans, and buses with Navy flags.
But out of sheer contrariness, we were rooting for Army. I'm an honorary member of the WWII 6th Armored Division, and the father of the person I went with got a Purple Heart and Bronze Star as an infantryman in Korea. So we had some rights, there, too.
We got our tickets via StubHub and as a pleasant surprise, they were on the Army side, way up above the 15 yard line. We were surrounded by cadets in Dress Gray rather than Navy Blue. It gave us a good look at the Navy cheerleaders, and fans, from across the field. We saw the Navy goats as well as the army mules.
Unfortunately, Army didn't have what it took to win. Navy really had the better team, it's true. Their fans got happier and happier as our side got sadder and sadder. We stayed till the bitter end (or happy ending).
It was freezing cold. After Russia, the US Military Academy dress gray uniform looked way too thin and flimsy. Where were their fur hats? Brrrr... The spectacle was excellent. The exchange of prisoners at the start was exciting, especially the Navy cadets wearing posterboards reading "Beat Army". Army didn't have that kind of nerve. It was a sign of things to come. The Navy jets were excellent, as were the Army helicopters.
The spirit videos, many of them with Star Wars themes, were funny. The tribute to the troops who have been killed was touching. The half-time ceremonies featuring aging Army astronauts were nostalgic for the long-ago space age. The capper was a live link to the International Space Station, where America's current Army astronaut persuaded his Russian cosmonaut comrade to wear a "Beat Navy" tee shirt. It didn't help Army one bit.
From the spirited crowd at the game, I'd say that inter-service rivalry is alive and well, despite Donald Rumsfeld's transformation of the US Military. The great thing about the game was being with all the service families. Great people. A nice crowd, very much better behaved than a Redskins game I went to a few years ago.
One interesting sidlight was that the game showed the NY Times can't even be trusted for sports coverage. On game day the paper ran a long article on the front page of the sports section, explaining that Army had put together a competitive team and was expected to win by a comfortable margin. If we had put down any money, we would have lost it. Navy's victory was buried in the back pages the next day. No "correction" appeared. So, if that's how they cover West Point and Annapolis, I wouldn't rely on NY Times coverage of Iraq, either. If you can't cover sports, you can't cover news.
Which is why we're glad we saw the game for ourselves. We could be happy Navy won. And for Army, there's always next year...
But out of sheer contrariness, we were rooting for Army. I'm an honorary member of the WWII 6th Armored Division, and the father of the person I went with got a Purple Heart and Bronze Star as an infantryman in Korea. So we had some rights, there, too.
We got our tickets via StubHub and as a pleasant surprise, they were on the Army side, way up above the 15 yard line. We were surrounded by cadets in Dress Gray rather than Navy Blue. It gave us a good look at the Navy cheerleaders, and fans, from across the field. We saw the Navy goats as well as the army mules.
Unfortunately, Army didn't have what it took to win. Navy really had the better team, it's true. Their fans got happier and happier as our side got sadder and sadder. We stayed till the bitter end (or happy ending).
It was freezing cold. After Russia, the US Military Academy dress gray uniform looked way too thin and flimsy. Where were their fur hats? Brrrr... The spectacle was excellent. The exchange of prisoners at the start was exciting, especially the Navy cadets wearing posterboards reading "Beat Army". Army didn't have that kind of nerve. It was a sign of things to come. The Navy jets were excellent, as were the Army helicopters.
The spirit videos, many of them with Star Wars themes, were funny. The tribute to the troops who have been killed was touching. The half-time ceremonies featuring aging Army astronauts were nostalgic for the long-ago space age. The capper was a live link to the International Space Station, where America's current Army astronaut persuaded his Russian cosmonaut comrade to wear a "Beat Navy" tee shirt. It didn't help Army one bit.
From the spirited crowd at the game, I'd say that inter-service rivalry is alive and well, despite Donald Rumsfeld's transformation of the US Military. The great thing about the game was being with all the service families. Great people. A nice crowd, very much better behaved than a Redskins game I went to a few years ago.
One interesting sidlight was that the game showed the NY Times can't even be trusted for sports coverage. On game day the paper ran a long article on the front page of the sports section, explaining that Army had put together a competitive team and was expected to win by a comfortable margin. If we had put down any money, we would have lost it. Navy's victory was buried in the back pages the next day. No "correction" appeared. So, if that's how they cover West Point and Annapolis, I wouldn't rely on NY Times coverage of Iraq, either. If you can't cover sports, you can't cover news.
Which is why we're glad we saw the game for ourselves. We could be happy Navy won. And for Army, there's always next year...
Tuesday, December 13, 2005
Condoleezza Rice, Up Close and Personal
Just got back from The Heritage Foundation, where I heard Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice speak about "International Support for Iraqi Democracy on the Eve of the December 15, 2005 Elections."
In person, the Secretary appears even slimmer than on television. She looked about 5'6" or so, and the lady sitting next to me said she guessed that Rice wore a size 4 dress, no more than size 6. Extremely elegant, poised, and polished in her presentation. She had a certain star quality, that's not hype. As Billy Crystal says, she looked marvellous. Rice also seems likeable, at least before a friendly Heritage Foundation audience.
The crowd was invitation-only, A-list conservatives--Heritage Foundation board members, former UN Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick, former Newsweek editor Arnaud de Borchegrave, and international journalists from places like CNN, Germany's Stern magazine, and elsewhere. I honestly don't know how I got on the invitation list, and I'm grateful that somebody put my name into some database somewhere. The event was fascinating. The hall was full. And it was exciting. I had a seat in the second row, so was up as close as could be (the first was reserved for board members).
Heritage Foundation president Ed Feulner beamed as Rice recalled meeting him at Camp David during the George H.W. Bush administration before the collapse of the Soviet Union (and subsequent collapse of the George H.W. Bush administration). She certainly has charisma.
The actual talk was pretty much Bush administration good news talking points--new US base in Romania, countries like Ukraine and Kazakhstan fighting alongside American soldiers in Iraq, Bush's vision for a new Middle East based on peace and democracy, the US doesn't torture but will use any legal method to fight terror, we can't afford to lose, Bush will never retreat, no stability without democracy, and so on.
There were. however, a few moments that seemed like something new.
First, and most striking, Rice asked for international help in prosecuting Saddam Hussein. She said the international community and human rights organizations ought to help hold Saddam accountable for his crimes against humanitiy. Given the trial has been going poorly so far in Baghdad, this sounded like a cry for help. It came across as perhaps even whiny. The US can't see to it that Hussein is convicted? I mean, Rudy Giuliani got John Gotti, for goodness sake. And given opposition to a permanent international criminal court--from conservatives at places like Heritage--it seemed to signal weakness. Bad sign.
Second, also noteworthy, Rice said that as a Soviet expert, she realized that America had faced strategic defeat after strategic defeat in the postwar era, yet went on to win the Cold War--citing the division of Germany, the Greek Civil War, the strong vote for Communist parties, the loss of China. Reminding Americans of those setbacks, and calling them defeats, raised the specter of defeat in Iraq. Rice actually used the "D" word in a talk about Iraq--not Howard Dean--which means there must be some contingency plans at the State Department. Visions of helicopters evacuating the American embassy swirled in my head instead of Christmas sugarplum fairies. If she's thinking about America's defeats, and America's coming back another day, perhaps she's thinking of running away? Another bad sign. Not to mention that Truman was booted out of office for failing to win in Korea, and the millions suffered for generations under communist dictatorships afterwards. Containment policies led to continuous Communist expansion until the election of Ronald Reagan.
Unfortunately, Rice was unable to directly grapple with the question of Islamist extremism, which she held was similar to Communism, although she alluded to it--and at one point, only one point, she actually used the term: "so-called jihad." America's enemies were labeled with euphemisms--"Saddamists" instead of Ba'athists; "Terrorists" instead of Islamists.
She is good at handling a Q&A, to a point. A difficult question from Ali Alyami, executive director of the Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudia Arabia about American cooperation with the Saudis, establishing six committees -- yet none dedicated to democracy -- was parried with disappointing skill. Rice responded that issues of democracy--supposedly President Bush's top priority in foreign affairs--would be covered for the Saudis in a committe on "human development." In other words, America can't even say the word "Democracy."
Despite Rice's winning rhetoric about truth and democracy, brave Iraqis and cowardly terrorists, Rice was never able to directly address the issue Ali Alyami (who told the audience that his son served in Iraq) raised: Saudi Arabia's continued support for Islamist extremists--including those who attacked the World Trade Center on 9/11 and attack our troops in Iraq and Afghanistan to this day. Alyami told me after the event that he believed the Saudi Royal Family and Osama Bin Laden were two sides of the same coin. Until America acts decisively against Saudi Arabia, he said, Osama's support will continue to grow.
So far Rice's message is just not as good as Rice the messenger. The feeling remains that although there is a real jihad going on around the world against America by Islamist extemists, there may not be a real crusade against Islamist extremism by America.
The Heritage Foundation has a slogan: Ideas Have Consequences. Their website declares:
PS Nothing was said about USAID.
PPS Someone sitting a few seats down said she was going to President Bush's speech tomorrow at Washington, DC's Woodrow Wilson Center. Maybe he'll have something to say . . .
In person, the Secretary appears even slimmer than on television. She looked about 5'6" or so, and the lady sitting next to me said she guessed that Rice wore a size 4 dress, no more than size 6. Extremely elegant, poised, and polished in her presentation. She had a certain star quality, that's not hype. As Billy Crystal says, she looked marvellous. Rice also seems likeable, at least before a friendly Heritage Foundation audience.
The crowd was invitation-only, A-list conservatives--Heritage Foundation board members, former UN Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick, former Newsweek editor Arnaud de Borchegrave, and international journalists from places like CNN, Germany's Stern magazine, and elsewhere. I honestly don't know how I got on the invitation list, and I'm grateful that somebody put my name into some database somewhere. The event was fascinating. The hall was full. And it was exciting. I had a seat in the second row, so was up as close as could be (the first was reserved for board members).
Heritage Foundation president Ed Feulner beamed as Rice recalled meeting him at Camp David during the George H.W. Bush administration before the collapse of the Soviet Union (and subsequent collapse of the George H.W. Bush administration). She certainly has charisma.
The actual talk was pretty much Bush administration good news talking points--new US base in Romania, countries like Ukraine and Kazakhstan fighting alongside American soldiers in Iraq, Bush's vision for a new Middle East based on peace and democracy, the US doesn't torture but will use any legal method to fight terror, we can't afford to lose, Bush will never retreat, no stability without democracy, and so on.
There were. however, a few moments that seemed like something new.
First, and most striking, Rice asked for international help in prosecuting Saddam Hussein. She said the international community and human rights organizations ought to help hold Saddam accountable for his crimes against humanitiy. Given the trial has been going poorly so far in Baghdad, this sounded like a cry for help. It came across as perhaps even whiny. The US can't see to it that Hussein is convicted? I mean, Rudy Giuliani got John Gotti, for goodness sake. And given opposition to a permanent international criminal court--from conservatives at places like Heritage--it seemed to signal weakness. Bad sign.
Second, also noteworthy, Rice said that as a Soviet expert, she realized that America had faced strategic defeat after strategic defeat in the postwar era, yet went on to win the Cold War--citing the division of Germany, the Greek Civil War, the strong vote for Communist parties, the loss of China. Reminding Americans of those setbacks, and calling them defeats, raised the specter of defeat in Iraq. Rice actually used the "D" word in a talk about Iraq--not Howard Dean--which means there must be some contingency plans at the State Department. Visions of helicopters evacuating the American embassy swirled in my head instead of Christmas sugarplum fairies. If she's thinking about America's defeats, and America's coming back another day, perhaps she's thinking of running away? Another bad sign. Not to mention that Truman was booted out of office for failing to win in Korea, and the millions suffered for generations under communist dictatorships afterwards. Containment policies led to continuous Communist expansion until the election of Ronald Reagan.
Unfortunately, Rice was unable to directly grapple with the question of Islamist extremism, which she held was similar to Communism, although she alluded to it--and at one point, only one point, she actually used the term: "so-called jihad." America's enemies were labeled with euphemisms--"Saddamists" instead of Ba'athists; "Terrorists" instead of Islamists.
She is good at handling a Q&A, to a point. A difficult question from Ali Alyami, executive director of the Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudia Arabia about American cooperation with the Saudis, establishing six committees -- yet none dedicated to democracy -- was parried with disappointing skill. Rice responded that issues of democracy--supposedly President Bush's top priority in foreign affairs--would be covered for the Saudis in a committe on "human development." In other words, America can't even say the word "Democracy."
Despite Rice's winning rhetoric about truth and democracy, brave Iraqis and cowardly terrorists, Rice was never able to directly address the issue Ali Alyami (who told the audience that his son served in Iraq) raised: Saudi Arabia's continued support for Islamist extremists--including those who attacked the World Trade Center on 9/11 and attack our troops in Iraq and Afghanistan to this day. Alyami told me after the event that he believed the Saudi Royal Family and Osama Bin Laden were two sides of the same coin. Until America acts decisively against Saudi Arabia, he said, Osama's support will continue to grow.
So far Rice's message is just not as good as Rice the messenger. The feeling remains that although there is a real jihad going on around the world against America by Islamist extemists, there may not be a real crusade against Islamist extremism by America.
The Heritage Foundation has a slogan: Ideas Have Consequences. Their website declares:
We believe that ideas have consequences, but that those ideas must be promoted aggressively.It might be a good idea for Secretary of State Rice to take Heritage's message to heart for use in the war in Iraq as well as the larger Global War on Terror.
PS Nothing was said about USAID.
PPS Someone sitting a few seats down said she was going to President Bush's speech tomorrow at Washington, DC's Woodrow Wilson Center. Maybe he'll have something to say . . .
Monday, December 12, 2005
Chingiz Aitmatov Talks to Haaretz
The famous Central Asian author has an interview in the Israeli newspaper, linked on Registan.net.
Sunday, December 11, 2005
My Cousin on La Traviata
This is a nice post about some of what Opera means to my Israeli cousin.
Mark Steyn on Iran v. Israel
Steyn is in fine form today. He does a great job on US State Department spokesperson Adam Ereli's pathetically weak response to Iran's president:
So let's see: We have a Holocaust denier who wants to relocate an entire nation to another continent, and he happens to be head of the world's newest nuclear state. (They're not 100 percent fully-fledged operational, but happily for them they can drag out the pseudo-negotiations with the European Union until they are. And Washington certainly won't do anything, because after all if we're not 100 percent certain they've got WMD -- which we won't be until there's a big smoking crater live on CNN one afternoon -- it would be just another Bushitlerburton lie to get us into another war for oil, right?)
So how does the United States react? Well, White House spokesman Scott McClellan said that the comments of Ahmadinejad "further underscore our concerns about the regime."
Really? But wait, the world's superpower wasn't done yet. The State Department moved to a two-adjective alert and described Ahmadinejad's remarks as "appalling" and "reprehensible." "They certainly don't inspire hope among any of us in the international community that the government of Iran is prepared to engage as a responsible member of that community," said spokesman Adam Ereli.
You don't say. Ahmadinejad was speaking in the holy city of Mecca, head office of the "religion of peace," during a meeting of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. There were fiftysomething other heads of government in town. How many do you think took their Iranian colleague to task?
Well, what's new? But, that being so, it would be heartening if the rest of the world could muster a serious response to the guy. How one pines for a plain-spoken tell-it-like-it-is fellow like, say, former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali? As he memorably said of Iran, "It's a totalitarian regime." Oh, no, wait. He said that about the United States. On Iran, he's as impeccably circumspect and discreet as the State Department.
Israel Charges EU Supports Terrorism
I'm not surpised by this Haaretz story:
I wonder if the US might also be in violation of international law in this regard, especially when it comes to Islamists active in the Middle East and elsewhere around the world?
The Foreign Ministry believes that the European Union has violated international law by talking to Hezbollah and by planning to make contact with Hamas. An internal ministry document obtained by Haaretz states that contact with representatives of these two groups is contrary to international law.
"Several countries have adopted a policy that includes entering into official talks with representatives of Hamas and Hezbollah, or refraining from taking harsh measures against their involvement in terrorism," the document states. "From a legal standpoint, such political considerations cannot justify activity that is contrary to international law."
The writers of the document based their comments on resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council, which outlaw active or passive support for bodies or individuals involved in terrorism.
I wonder if the US might also be in violation of international law in this regard, especially when it comes to Islamists active in the Middle East and elsewhere around the world?
Eugene McCarthy, Remembered
I'm not alone, certainly, to feel a twinge at the passing of Eugene McCarthy. I remember walking the hallways of my Bronx apartment building canvassing for McCarthy at the age of 12. For a long time afterwards, I kept my McCarthy button. I was part of the "children's crusade" against the Vietnam War which led me to other leftist political movements, then after Ronald Reagan's success (and interestingly, Reagan was endorsed by Gene McCarthy) like a pendulum to the right, before I settled into the independent middle-of-the-road where I hope to remain forever.
I crossed paths with McCarthy after I had achieved the age of reason. I was a student at Swarthmore College when McCarthy came to speak in the mid 1970s, in the cavernous Clothier Hall, that in those days resembled a Quaker gothic cathedral. McCarthy seemed depressed. He read some poetry and made sour comments about politics. I remember I asked a smart aleck question about him being a sore loser and letting down those who had believed in him when he quit the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and resigned from the Senate. It may have been the only hostile question. He didn't have much of an answer, and the audience gave me hostile glares. Now that I'm older, I guess I understand a better that maybe he wasn't a sanctimonious fraud, he just ran out of gas. It could have happened to anyone.
Still, if it hadn't been for Eugene McCarthy, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan never could have become Presidents -- evidence of, as the Russians like to say, the "irony of life."
I crossed paths with McCarthy after I had achieved the age of reason. I was a student at Swarthmore College when McCarthy came to speak in the mid 1970s, in the cavernous Clothier Hall, that in those days resembled a Quaker gothic cathedral. McCarthy seemed depressed. He read some poetry and made sour comments about politics. I remember I asked a smart aleck question about him being a sore loser and letting down those who had believed in him when he quit the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and resigned from the Senate. It may have been the only hostile question. He didn't have much of an answer, and the audience gave me hostile glares. Now that I'm older, I guess I understand a better that maybe he wasn't a sanctimonious fraud, he just ran out of gas. It could have happened to anyone.
Still, if it hadn't been for Eugene McCarthy, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan never could have become Presidents -- evidence of, as the Russians like to say, the "irony of life."
State Department to Takeover USAID?
That's the gist of this Financial Times story linked on Free Republic.
It's not a bad idea, in principle. USAID obviously has more than one prostitution scandal in its multi-billion dollar budget. Not to mention my suspicion that it may possibly fund Islamist terrorists or their supporters. In any case, to lose an agency in Washington means that things are screwed-up inside worse than any oustsiders know. Worse than SNAFU. It's equivalent the death penalty for bureaucrats--some people might actually lose their jobs as well as their budgets.
Unfortunately the State Department is hardly the best-managed agency in the US Government. Maybe Condoleezza Rice will change that, but it certainly won't be easy. She's scheduled to make a speech about something at the Heritage Foundation on Tuesday, and I'll try to attend and see if she says something about USAID.
Until then, good night, and good luck...
It's not a bad idea, in principle. USAID obviously has more than one prostitution scandal in its multi-billion dollar budget. Not to mention my suspicion that it may possibly fund Islamist terrorists or their supporters. In any case, to lose an agency in Washington means that things are screwed-up inside worse than any oustsiders know. Worse than SNAFU. It's equivalent the death penalty for bureaucrats--some people might actually lose their jobs as well as their budgets.
Unfortunately the State Department is hardly the best-managed agency in the US Government. Maybe Condoleezza Rice will change that, but it certainly won't be easy. She's scheduled to make a speech about something at the Heritage Foundation on Tuesday, and I'll try to attend and see if she says something about USAID.
Until then, good night, and good luck...
The American Thinker on Iran v. Israel
I'm really beginning to like The American Thinker. I don't know who's behind it, but they sure have some interesting and intelligent articles, like this one on why Israel will have to blow up the Iranian nuclear program, just like they did in Iraq. This time, I hope, the US will veto any UN condemnation...
Plov Comes to DC
I had the good fortune to attend the Global Uzbek Council's Uzbek Festival at American University last night. Yes, there was plov and somsa. There was Uzbek dancing by Dilafruz Jabbarova and singing by Munojat Yulchieva. The American Silk Road Dance company strutted their stuff, and had the audience clapping and smiling--including some very serious Uzbek diplomats. In addition, there was a solemn lecture on Uzbekistan's history, impassioned speeches from Uzbek-Americans about their ancestral homeland, and because it is Washington, the presence of US State Department, Radio Free Europe, and some NGO and government types. But mostly, there were a lot of young and dynamic Uzbeks creating a new landsmanschaft society, in the best tradition of American immigrants--celebrating their cultural heritage on their way to entering the mainstream of American life. The event was nicely non-political, advertised on the website of the opposition Sunshine Coalition, while the famous plov was donated by the embassy of Uzbekistan. Finally, there were nice crafts and rugs on sale from East Site:Silk Road Plus and a Turkish-Uzbek restaurant owner, from Georgetown's Bistro Med, who said they will cook plov to order, and are thinking about adding an Uzbek night once in a while.Yaxshi!
Friday, December 09, 2005
DeLay Winning Court Fight
Ann Coulter, herself a pretty good lawyer, says a recent ruling by a Texas judge is a legal victory for Tom Delay (R-TX).
Prostitution Scandal at USAID
Maybe I missed this when it first came out in September, but it seems worth mentioning that George Soros's Open Society Institute is still suing USAID for requiring grant recipients to sign an anti-prostitution pledge (the case was mentioned at a recent American Enterprise Institute panel on NGOs):
In his letter, Souder charged that USAID administrator Andrew Natsios was aware of SANGRAM's record.
The Open Society Institute, along with its affiliate the Alliance for Open Society International, filed a lawsuit today against USAID to challenge its unconstitutional and dangerous policy of requiring grantees to sign a pledge opposing prostitution. Failure to endorse this loyalty oath means health workers across the world striving to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS could lose funding and be forced to abandon life-saving programs...This is in the context of an October 6, 2005 complaint from Congressman Mark Souder to USAID official James Kunder about a US-funded NGO "called Sampada Grameen Mahila Sanstha (SANGRAM) that had retraffcked women back into a brothel after they had been rescued by a State Department financed group."
...AOSI is administering a government grant awarded in 2002 to implement USAID’s Drug Demand Reduction Program in Central Asia, where HIV/AIDS is spread overwhelmingly through injection drug use and left unchecked will have a devastating social and economic impact. Since sex workers are at increased risk of using drugs, they are a prime target for this program’s interventions.
In his letter, Souder charged that USAID administrator Andrew Natsios was aware of SANGRAM's record.
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